tailieunhanh - AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION: Watershed Management and Hydrology - Chapter 11 (end)

Quát, "theo dõi" có thể được mô tả như là quá trình quan sát mục đích kiểm soát hay quyết định. Mặc dù không đặc hiệu, đây là một định nghĩa khái niệm hữu ích của giám sát trong bối cảnh nonpoint nông nghiệp ô nhiễm nguồn (tức là, khuếch tán) xác định và đánh giá. Thật vậy, "kiểm soát" hoặc Ra quyết định "là mục đích của hầu như tất cả ô nhiễm khuếch tán (nonresearch) chương trình giám sát. Giám sát ô nhiễm nguồn nonpoint nông nghiệp (NPSP) được thực hiện vì nhiều lý do (ví dụ, quy định, chính sách phát triển,. | 11 Monitoring William L. Magette CONTENTS Introduction Designing an Effective Monitoring Program Planning Goals and Objectives Data Needs and Data Collection Implementation Strategies Data Interpretation Sampling Sites Quality Assurance Quality Control Reconciling Rhetoric and Reality Monitoring Techniques Edge-of-Field Overland Flow Flow Measurement Sample Collection Bottom of Root Zone Groundwater Drainage Pipes and Springs Surface Water Soil Determining Changes in Environmental Measures Statistical Control Surface Water Groundwater Soil Summary Acknowledgment References INTRODUCTION Generically monitoring can be described as the process of making observations for purposes of control or decision making. Although nonspecific this is a useful 2001 by CRC Press LLC conceptual definition of monitoring within the context of agricultural nonpoint source . diffuse pollution identification and assessment. Indeed control or decision making is the purpose of virtually every nonresearch diffuse pollution monitoring program. Monitoring of agricultural nonpoint source pollution NPSP is conducted for several reasons . regulation policy development resource assessment evaluation of managerial practices research and other purposes . Regardless of purpose all monitoring programs involve making observations . specific measurements somewhere in a watershed catchment and evaluating the meaning of such observations. The specific purpose of a monitoring program modifies the detail in which monitoring is conducted and the types of measurements that are made. Diffuse pollution results from the interaction between uncontrollable and largely unpredictable weather events and the landscape. The landscape is itself a patchwork of areas that differ in topography geology vegetative cover soils management .