tailieunhanh - Engineering Materials 2E VOLUME1 Episode 3

Tham khảo tài liệu 'engineering materials 2e volume1 episode 3', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 42 Engineering Materials 1 Fig. . The arrangement of H2O molecules in the common form of ice showing the hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds keep the molecules well apart which is why ice has a lower density than water. thermal agitation produced when liquid nitrogen is poured on the floor at room temperature is more than enough to break the Van der Waals bonds showing how weak they are. But without these bonds most gases would not liquefy at attainable temperatures and we should not be able to separate industrial gases from the atmosphere. Hydrogen bonds keep water liquid at room temperature and bind polymer chains together to give solid polymers. Ice Fig. is hydrogen-bonded. Each hydrogen atom shares its charge with the nearest oxygen atom. The hydrogen having lost part of its share acquires a charge the oxygen having a share in more electrons than it should is -ve. The positively charged H atom acts as a bridging bond between neighbouring oxygen ions because the charge redistribution gives each H2O molecule a dipole moment which attracts other H2O dipoles. The condensed states of matter It is because these primary and secondary bonds can form that matter condenses from the gaseous state to give liquids and solids. Five distinct condensed states of matter Table Condensed states of matter State Bonds Moduli Molten Solid K G and E 1. Liquids Large Zero 2. Liquid crystals Large Some non-zero but very small 3. Rubbers 2arx lary Large Small E K 4. Glasses Large Large E K 5. Crystals Large Large E K Bonding between atoms 43 differing in their structure and the state of their bonding can be identified Table . The bonds in ordinary liquids have melted and for this reason the liquid resists compression but not shear the bulk modulus K is large compared to the gas because the atoms are in contact so to speak but the shear modulus G is zero because they can slide past each other. The other states of matter listed in Table are distinguished by the state .

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