tailieunhanh - Endourooncology New Horizons in Endourology - part 5

kim trong thời gian qua thông qua các máy bay mô khác nhau [14] Người lái xe kim được xây dựng với vật liệu radiolucent và do đó cung cấp một hình ảnh X-ray không bị cản trở mục tiêu giải phẫu. Một động cơ điện được tích hợp vào vật cố định của người lái xe làm cho nó rẻ tiền để sản xuất | 66 B. Challacombe et al. Fig. 1. PAKY stand-alone bottom and PAKY-RCM top systems of the needle during passage through various tissue planes 14 . The needle driver is constructed with radiolucent material and thus provides an unobstructed X-ray image of the anatomical target. An electrical motor integrated into the driver s fixture makes it inexpensive to produce and permits it to be employed as a sterile disposable part 15 . Another development allowed automation of the needle orientation procedure by adding a remote center of motion RCM module 16 . The RCM is a compact robot adapted for surgical use 17 . It consists of a fulcrum point that is located distal to the mechanism itself typically at the skin entry point 18 . This allows the RCM to precisely orientate a surgical instrument needle in space while maintaining the needle tip at the skin entry point or another specified location . In contrast to the earlier LARS robot the RCM employs a chain transmission rather than a parallel linkage. This permits unrestricted rotations about the RCM point and uniform rigidity of the mechanism and eliminates singular points. The RCM can accommodate different end-effectors via an adjustment to the location of the RCM point thus allowing the rotation to be nonorthogonal. The robot is small 171 X 69 X 52mm box and weighs only 16 facilitating its placement within the imaging device Fig. 2 . The needle is initially placed into the PAKY so that its tip is located at the remote center of motion. To confirm the position the PAKY is equipped with a visible laser diode whose ray intersects the needle at the RCM point. The robot permits two motorized DOF about the RCM point R1 and R2 on the schematic diagram and is supported by a 7 DOF passive arm which may be locked at the desired position by depressing a lever. A custom rigid rail allows the system to be mounted to the operating table to provide the fixed reference frame required to maintain the needle trajectory under the .

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