tailieunhanh - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY - PART 7

Hạ đường huyết vẫn là biến chứng thường gặp nhất của quản trị insulin cho bệnh nhân tiểu đường. Nó thường xảy ra do hành chính (a) của một số lượng quá nhiều insulin, (b) chính quyền của insulin trước khi một bữa ăn, nhưng thiếu sót tiếp theo của bữa ăn, hoặc (c) do tăng hoạt động thể chất. Trong trường hợp nặng, điều này có thể dẫn đến mất ý thức và thậm chí tử vong | 322 BIOPHARMACEUTICALS Figure . Overview of the extraction of pancreatic cells from a human donor pancreas. Typically a pancreas will house approximately 1 million such cells of which around 40 are recovered by this procedure inactivated thus promoting glycogen breakdown. The rate of gluconeogenesis is also stimulated by the inactivation of pyruvate kinase and simultaneous activation of fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase. Hypoglycaemia remains the most frequent complication of insulin administration to diabetics. It usually occurs due to a administration of an excessive amount of insulin b administration of insulin prior to a mealtime but with subsequent omission of the meal or c due to increased physical activity. In severe cases this can lead to loss of consciousness and even death. Although it may be treated by oral or . administration of glucose insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is sometimes treated by administration of glucagon. Glucagon is also used medically as a diagnostic aid during certain radiological examinations of the stomach small and large intestine where decreased intestinal motility is advantageous the hormone has an inhibitory effect on the motility of the smooth muscle lining the walls of the gastrointestinal tract . HORMONES OF THERAPEUTIC INTEREST 323 Plasma membrane cAMP-dependent protein kinases less active cAMP-dependent protein kinases active Metabolic regulatory enzymes phosphorylated Metabolic regulatory enzymes dephosphorylated Metabolic effect Figure . Initiation of a metabolic response to the binding of glucagon to its receptor. 1 glucagon cell surface receptor 2 G protein 3 adenylate cyclase see text for further detail Traditionally glucagon preparations utilized therapeutically are chromatographically purified from bovine or porcine pancreatic tissue the structure of bovine porcine and human glucagon is identical thus eliminating the possibility of direct immunological complications . Such commercial preparations are generally .