tailieunhanh - Handbook Of Pollution Control And Waste Minimization - Chapter 17

Kiểm soát ô nhiễm và khái niệm Hạn chế tối đa chất thải dựa trên rủi ro Đánh giá rủi ro sinh thái được định nghĩa như Các nguyên tắc cơ bản "thẩm định tính hoặc định lượng tác động, tiềm năng hay thực sự, trên thực vật, động vật, hệ sinh thái bao gồm một hoặc nhiều căng thẳng (chẳng hạn như ô nhiễm)." Đằng sau giảm thiểu rủi ro và đưa ra quyết định tích hợp được chi tiết trong Cơ quan Bảo vệ Môi trường Mỹ (EPA) các sáng kiến chiến lược và nguyên tắc hướng dẫn. | 17 Risk-Based Pollution Control and Waste Minimization Concepts Gilbert J. Gonzales Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico and New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 1 INTRODUCTION Ecological risk assessment is defined as the qualitative or quantitative appraisal of impact potential or real of one or more stressors such as pollution on flora fauna or the encompassing ecosystem. The underlying principles behind risk reduction and integrated decision making that are detailed in . Environmental Protection Agency EPA strategic initiatives and guiding principles include pollution prevention 1 . Pollution control PC and waste minimization WM are probably the most effective means of reducing risk to humans and the environment from hazardous and radioactive waste. Pollution control can be defined as any activity that reduces the release to the environment of substances that can cause adverse effects to humans or other biological organisms. This includes pollution prevention and waste minimization. Waste minimization is defined as pollution prevention measures that reduce Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA hazardous waste 2 . Reduced risk is one benefit of these practices and it results most directly from lower concentrations of contaminants entering the environment from both planned and accidental releases. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker Inc. All Rights Reserved. Although it is difficult to quantify the reductions in the release of contaminants to the environment that have resulted from reductions in waste the reductions have most assuredly reduced risk to humans and the environment posed by toxicants. Using examples from Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL we will discuss the interrelatedness of pollution prevention waste minimization with risk reduction and how risk assessment can be generally applied to the field of pollution prevention and waste minimization. While emphasis in this chapter is on ecological risk assessment the .