tailieunhanh - Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health - Chapter 2

Áp dụng các chỉ số cho Đánh giá sức khỏe hệ sinh thái Chương này cung cấp một cái nhìn tổng quan toàn diện của quang phổ rộng của chỉ số áp dụng cho việc đánh giá sức khỏe hệ sinh thái. các ứng dụng chỉ số được phân loại trong bảy cấp độ: (1) áp dụng các loài cụ thể; (2) tỷ lệ giữa các lớp học của các sinh vật; (3) các hợp chất hóa học cụ thể; (4) dinh dưỡng cấp độ; (5) tỷ lệ; (6) chỉ số tổng hợp bao gồm EP Odum của thuộc tính và các chỉ số khác nhau (7). | CHAPTER 2 Application of Indicators for the Assessment of Ecosystem Health . Jorgensen . Xu F. Salas and . Marques This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the wide spectrum of indicators applicable for the assessment of ecosystem health. The applied indicators are classified in seven levels 1 application of specific species 2 ratio between classes of organisms 3 specific chemical compounds 4 trophic levels 5 rates 6 composite indicators included . Odum s attributes and various indices 7 holistic indicators as for instance biodiversity and resistance 8 thermodynamic indicator. The chapter shows by several examples based on case studies that the application of the seven levels are consistent at least to a certain extent . that indicators in level 1 and 2 for instance would give the same indication as indicators from for instance level 6 and 7. The chapter presents furthermore an ecosystem theory that is shown to be applicable as fundamental for the ecological indicators particularly the indicators from level 6 and 7. Copyright 2005 by Taylor Francis CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR EHA Von Bertalanffy characterized the evolution of complex systems in terms of four major attributes 1 1. Progressive integration which entails the development of integrative linkages between different species of biota and between biota habitat and climate . 2. Progressive differentiation progressive specialization as systems evolve biotic diversity to take advantage of abilities to partition resources more finely and so forth . 3. Progressive mechanization covers the growing number of feedbacks and regulation mechanisms . 4. Progressive centralization which does probably not refer to a centralization in the political meaning as ecosystems are characterized by short and fast feedbacks and decentralized control but to the more and more developed cooperation among the organisms the Gaia effect and the growing adaptation to all other .