tailieunhanh - Handbook Of Pollution Control And Waste Minimization - Chapter 4

Các vấn đề lập pháp và quy định Trong nhiều khía cạnh, phòng ngừa ô nhiễm và giảm thiểu chất thải là những sinh vật ít lời xin vâng lập pháp hơn so với rất nhiều lĩnh vực khác liên quan đến quản lý chất thải. Một phần, điều này là do cách mà các chất thải xây dựng luật, pháp lệnh và quy định khuôn khổ quản lý phát triển tại Hoa Kỳ (1). Tại Hoa Kỳ, chiến lược quy định chủ yếu để giải quyết chất thải, chất thải đặc biệt nguy hiểm và độc hại, là một "hệ. | 4 Legislative and Regulatory Issues Toni K. Ristau Public Service Company of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 1 OVERVIEW In many respects pollution prevention and waste minimization are less creatures of legislative fiat than are many other areas related to waste management. In part this is due to the way that the legislative and regulatory waste management framework developed in the United States 1 . In the United States the major regulatory strategy for addressing wastes particularly hazardous or toxic wastes is a command-and-control system imposed upon the regulated community from the top down. By contrast many pollution prevention initiatives are voluntary efforts initiated by companies that seek to improve the bottom line rather than requirements imposed by a regulatory agency. To understand the current emphasis on pollution prevention one must have an understanding of the history of the regulation of hazardous and toxic wastes. Now that environmental management is maturing as a discipline there is an increasing recognition that pollution prevention and appropriate waste management including minimizing waste streams wherever possible during a facility s operational life can greatly reduce the potential for costly remediation and cleanup after operations are discontinued. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 HISTORY Much of the early legislative effort related to waste disposal or releases of toxic substances was engendered by incidents such as Love Canal in New York State or the release of toxic gas from a factory in Bhopal India. These incidents which were widely reported by the media outraged the public and caused a demand for Congressional action 2 . Love Canal and the Enactment of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Superfund The Love Canal hazardous waste disposal site became the center of attention of the media as well as the regulatory agencies in the late 1970s and early 1980s and inspired