tailieunhanh - Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications Part 8

Tham khảo tài liệu 'laser pulse phenomena and applications part 8', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Time-gated Single Photon Counting Lock-in Detection at 1550 nm Wavelength 201 1E7 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 150 160 170 180 190 200 counts A lock-in output a Threshold Level mV Fig. 8. a Dark count and its lock-in measurements vs discriminate threshold. b Single photon lock-in outputs vs threshold with different photon counts. The single photon lock-in outputs vs photon counts for threshold being 162 mV and 184 mV respectively. The frequency spectrum of the monitor out of lock-in amplifier is shown in Fig. 7 a . Here the mean photon number is 100 kcps and the SR400 threshold is 184mV. Note that the single photon modulation signal at the place of frequency 100 kHz. As the dark counts of the SPAD follow Poisson statistics . dominating shot noise with white noise spectral density we found the uniform distribution of the background noise. The effect of Flicker noise l f noise on the accuracy of measurements can be ignored. At lower threshold the l f noise may become dominant so we choose the 100 kHz for single photon modulation due to the higher noise in the low-frequency region. As shown in Fig. 7 b when we change the level discrimination from 184 mV to 162 mV it is found that the dark counts increase quickly which cover 4 orders of magnitude where the weak photon signals will be immerged in the case at lower threshold. The limit to detection efficiency is primarily device saturation from dark counts. In Fig. 7 b we show the single photon lock-in output corresponding to different mean photon counts 10 kcps 25 kcps 50 kcps and 100 kcps respectively. The data are obtained by first setting the discriminate voltage and measuring the mean photon counts and lock-in output respectively. The traces show the discriminate threshold can be optimized at 162 mV where the lock-in has the maximum output. Accordingly we have measured the lock-in output with the lock-in integrated time 100 ms and the equivalent noise bandwidth for bandpass filter

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