tailieunhanh - Practical Plastic Surgery - part 6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'practical plastic surgery - part 6', y tế - sức khoẻ, y học thường thức phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 54 Cephalometries Matthew Jacobsen and Jeffrey A. Hammoudeh Introduction The analysis of a patient with a skeletal deformity can be complex. However there are many diagnostic tools available that help the surgeon understand the etiology of the deformity including the history and physical radiographic exams videocephalometric analysis and cast dental models. The integration of this information provides the appropriate diagnosis and guides treatment. The goal of this chapter is to provide the clinician with the basic working principles for detecting and diagnosing maxillofacial deformities. Clinical Exam Dental Classification Terminology Open bite the tips of the incisors are not directly opposed Overbite the vertical distance between the tips of the incisors Overjet the horizontal distance between the tips of the incisors Neutral occlusion Class I the maxillary first molar mesiobuccal cusp fits in the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar Distal occlusion Class II the maxillary first molar mesiobuccal cusp is anterior to the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar Mesial occlusion Class III the maxillary first molar mesiobuccal cusp is posterior to the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar The frontal smiling exam documents symmetry of the smile as well as the amount of maxillary and mandibular dentition and gingival exposure. The normal amount of exposed gingiva during smiling is 1-2 mm. Particular attention should be paid to the amount of maxillary tooth show from central incisor to canines. In addition during the intraoral exam the clinician should look for an anterior or posterior open bite. It is important to determine the maxillary and mandibular midpoints in order to understand if the maxilla and mandible are coincident with the facial midline or if there is a deviation of one or both. Finally the intraoral exam is used to assess for the presence of overjet overbite and malocclusion. Facial Relationships Aside from the standard history

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