tailieunhanh - Indonesia

Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities are commonly seen in pediatric practice. Patientsmay present with nausea, vom- iting, diarrhea, decreased intake of fluids, irritability, leth- argy, weight loss, dry skin and mucus membranes, elevated pulse, seizures and coma. The most common cause of acid- base disorder in children is metabolic acidosis secondary to diarrheal dehydration; however, affected children may present with a very complex clinical picture, and treating physicians should be familiar with the intricacies of their diagnosis andmanagement. Severely affected patients should be referred immediately to a hospital where expert care can be delivered | ndonesia MDG Goal 4 and 5 indicators Under-five mortality rate 45 males 36 females per 1 000 live births Infant mortality rate per 1 000 live births Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized for measles 72 MMR 307 per 100 000 live births Births by skilled attendant O. Data source Basic Indicators Health Situation in South-East Asia World Health Organization South-East Asia Region 2004. Indonesia consisting of more than 17 500 islands spreading out all along 3 200 miles with some million inhabitants is the second most populated country in the Region. In the year 2000 it was estimated that 70 of the population were living in rural areas. Sector reform has been introduced and led to major decentralization the country is now divided into 30 provinces each with a legislative council headed by a governor. There are 302 regencies and 89 municipalities divided into 4 918 sub-districts with a total of 70 460 villages. Indonesia is a very heterogeneous country which is clearly manifested in a diversity of geographical demographic economic social political and cultural aspects of the population. Women make up 50 of the population and of these 66 are of reproductive age. Between 1980 to 2000 Indonesia had a population growth rate of a crude birth rate of 22 per thousand population and an average life expectancy of 67 years men years and women years MOH 2000 . The total fertility rate estimated at in 2003 shows a continuing decrease on previous estimates. Despite the success in reducing the overall fertility rate the same success has eluded Indonesia in terms of maternal and perinatal mortality figures both of which remain high. Morbidity for both the women and newborns related to pregnancy and childbirth is under investigated therefore reliable nation-wide data is unavailable. Indicators for child health are better reported and show that the health of children in Indonesia is improving. However the complexities of data collection over such