tailieunhanh - Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates

Cardiopulmonary interaction is the term that is used to describe the inseparable connection between the heart and lungs. In health, the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems are in perfect balance. In disease, derangements of either system leads to . dysfunction in the other. Physicians attempt to improve health with therapeutic interventions positive pressure ventilation . . typically aimed at treating disease pneumonia with hypoxia in one system lungs with resultant positive recruitment of . . alveoli and negative ventilator induced lung injury consequences and secondary impact on the other system heart with . decreased cardiac output . This manuscript will review the physiologic basis of normal. | Articles Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years global estimates Katherine L O Brien Lara J Wolfson James P Watt Emily Henkle Maria Deloria-Knoll Natalie McCall Ellen Lee Kim Mulholland Orin S Levine Thomas Cherian for the Hib and Pneumococcal Global Burden of Disease Study Team Summary Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia meningitis and sepsis in children worldwide. However many countries lack national estimates of disease burden. Effective interventions are available including pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and case management. To support local and global policy decisions on pneumococcal disease prevention and treatment we estimated country-specific incidence of serious cases and deaths in children younger than 5 years. Methods We measured the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia by applying the proportion of pneumonia cases caused by S pneumoniae derived from efficacy estimates from vaccine trials to WHO country-specific estimates of all-cause pneumonia cases and deaths. We also estimated burden of meningitis and non-pneumonia non-meningitis invasive disease using disease incidence and case-fatality data from a systematic literature review. When high-quality data were available from a country these were used for national estimates. Otherwise estimates were based on data from neighbouring countries with similar child mortality. Estimates were adjusted for HIV prevalence and access to care and when applicable use of vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Findings In 2000 about 14-5 million episodes of serious pneumococcal disease uncertainty range 11-1-18-0 million were estimated to occur. Pneumococcal disease caused about 826000 deaths 582000-926000 in children aged 1-59 months of which 91000 63 000-102000 were in HIV-positive and 735000 519000-825000 in HIV-negative children. Of the deaths in HIV-negative children over 61 449000 316000-501000 occurred in ten African and .