tailieunhanh - PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT - CHAPTER 10 (end)

Khi chúng ta bước vào thế kỷ 21, chúng ta có một cơ hội tuyệt vời để xem xét lại tiến bộ to lớn mà nông nghiệp được thực hiện trong thế kỷ XX. Hiện đại, nông nghiệp ra đời, và ngành công nghiệp bảo vệ thực vật kết hợp với phân bón, hạt giống lai, và các ngành công nghiệp thiết bị để cung cấp một sự phong phú trong sản xuất nông nghiệp rất ít người có tin rằng có thể có khi thế kỷ bắt đầu. Bảng 1 cho thấy tăng năng suất đáng kể đối với. | 10 Evolution of the Crop Protection Industry Robert E. Holm and Jerry J. Baron IR-4 Project Technology Centre of New Jersey Rutgers University North Brunswick New Jersey . 1 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS As we enter the twenty-first century we have a great opportunity to look back over the tremendous progress that agriculture made in the twentieth century. Modern agriculture came into being and the crop protection industry combined with the fertilizer hybrid seed and equipment industries to provide an abundance in agricultural production that few would have believed possible when the century began. Table 1 indicates the dramatic yield increases for corn soybeans wheat and cotton from 1920 to 1990 which ranged from for soybeans to sixfold for wheat. The increased productivity was even more striking when measured by output per farmer which increased 13-fold from an average of people being fed per farmer in 1930 to 129 people per farmer in 1990. When the significant cultural practices are overlaid on the yield and productivity increases it is clear that the most dramatic improvements were made in the last half of the century and coincided with the maximized use of hybrid seed better and more efficient mechanization of equipment more available and cheaper fertilizer inputs especially nitrogen and the development of modern crop protection tools such as the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate EBDC fungicides herbicides like the phenoxies and triazines and effective insecticides like the organo- Table 1 Impact of Crop Protection Developments on Row Crop Yield and Productivity Row crop yield parameter 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Corn bu acre Soybean bu acre N Ab Wheat bu acre Cotton lb acre 187 157 253 269 446 438 404 634 Output per farmera Significant changes in cultural practices Increased mechanization Hybrid corn 95 of corn