tailieunhanh - Báo cáo y học: " The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: From activation to deactivation?"

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học Retrovirology cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: " The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: From activation to deactivation. | Herbein and Varin Retrovirology 2010 7 33 http content 7 1 33 RETR0VIR0L0GY REVIEW Open Access The macrophage in HIV-1 infection From activation to deactivation Georges Herbein1 Audrey Varin1 2 Abstract Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently the heterogeneity of the macrophage population has been highlighted. Classically activated or type 1 macrophages M1 induced in particular by IFN-y display a pro-inflammatory profile. The alternatively activated or type 2 macrophages M2 induced by Th-2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 express anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties. Finally IL-10 has been described as the proto-typic cytokine involved in the deactivation of macrophages dM . Since the capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be modulated by cytokines this review shows how modulation of macrophage activation by cytokines impacts the capacity to support productive HIV-1 infection. Based on the activation status of macrophages we propose a model starting with M1 classically activated macrophages with accelerated formation of viral reservoirs in a context of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Then IL-4 IL-13 alternatively activated M2 macrophages will enter into the game that will stop the expansion of the HIV-1 reservoir. Finally IL-10 deactivation of macrophages will lead to immune failure observed at the very late stages of the HIV-1 disease. Introduction Macrophages Ms are the first line of defence of the organism against pathogens and in response to the microenvironment become differentially activated. The classical pathway of interferon-y-dependent activation of macrophages M1 by T helper 1 Th1 -type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with HIV-1. In the presence of cytokines that are produced in a Th-2 type response such as IL-4 and .