tailieunhanh - Kinetics of Materials - R. Balluff S. Allen W. Carter (Wiley 2005) WW Part 7

Tham khảo tài liệu 'kinetics of materials - r. balluff s. allen w. carter (wiley 2005) ww part 7', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | GRAIN BOUNDARIES 221 Mechanism of Fast Grain-Boundary Diffusion The mechanisms by which fast grain-boundary diffusion occurs are not well established at present. There is extensive evidence that a net diffusional transport of atoms can be induced along grain boundaries ruling out the ring mechanism and implicating defect-mediated mechanisms as responsible for grain-boundary diffusion 13 . Due to the small amount of material present in the grain boundary it has not been possible so far to gain critical information about defect-mediated processes using experimental techniques. Recourse has been made to computer simulations which indicate that vacancy and interstitial point defects can exist in the boundary core as localized bona fide point defects see the review by Sutton and Balluffl 4 . Calculations also show that their formation and migration energies are often lower than in the bulk crystal. Figure shows the calculated trajectory of a vacancy in the core of a large-angle tilt grain boundary in . Fe. Calculations showed that vacancies were more numerous and jump faster in the grain boundary than in the crystal indicating a vacancy mechanism for diffusion in this particular boundary. However there is an infinite number of different types of boundaries and computer simulations for other types of boundaries indicate that the dominant mechanism in some cases may involve interstitial defects 4 12 . During defect-mediated grain-boundary diffusion an atom diffusing in the core will move between the various types of sites in the core. Because various types of jumps have different activation energies the overall diffusion rate is not controlled by a single activation energy. Arrhenius plots for grain-boundary diffusion therefore should exhibit at least some curvature. However when the available data are of only moderate accuracy and exist over only limited temperature ranges such curvature may be difficult to detect. This has been the case so far with .

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