tailieunhanh - Great Predators in the Political Economy of Development_6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'great predators in the political economy of development_6', kinh tế - quản lý, quản lý nhà nước phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | MONEY AND POWER bilateral and multilateral portfolio investments with the latter in particular rising from 204 million in 1960 to 6 204 million in 1985 Mellor and Masters 1991 336-9 . In 2005 of total ODA available 107 099 million 77 per cent was bilateral and 23 per cent multilateral as opposed to 69 per cent of ODA being bilateral in 1995 and 31 per cent being multilateral using figures in Table . In 2007 bilateral aid was again 69 per cent of total ODA and it was also 67 per cent in 2000 suggesting that 2005 was not a representative year containing as it does a jump in bilateral expenditure probably attributable to the once-off debt cancellation agreements with Nigeria and Iraq. In short there has been a fairly constant one-third two-third split between the two over the last 20 years or so. In the mid-1980s bilateral and multilateral assistance constituted 26 per cent and 8 per cent respectively of total resource flows to all developing countries. Ten years earlier the share of multilateral assistance had been only per cent of total resource flows which illustrates both the amount it had grown in absolute terms but also the process of multilateralisation of aid finance which took place in the years following the onset of the debt crisis in the context of a dropping off of private finance Lele and Nabi 1991 8 . Of total resource flows in 2005 in Table of nearly 320 000 million multilateral aid from all donors remained at just over 8 per cent while bilateral aid from all donors as a proportion of total financial flows available has risen slightly since the mid-1980s figure to over 29 per cent using OECD figures as outlined in Table . Table also shows the difference between DAC members ODA and the total for all donors which includes new donors but not the more critically important India China and Russia such as the Czech Republic Hungary Iceland South Korea Poland the Slovak Republic Turkey Latvia Lithuania Estonia Slovenia Kuwait Saudi Arabia

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