tailieunhanh - Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids - Chapter 6

Cả hai tự nhiên và xenobiotic (nhân tạo) hợp chất hữu cơ rất nhiều trong vũ trụ. Nhiều người trong số những hợp chất này là độc hại cho con người và động vật. Gribble (1994) chỉ ra rằng các hợp chất clo rất nhiều cách tự nhiên. Chúng bao gồm organohalogens, rượu halogen hóa nhiều, xeton, axit cacboxylic và amit, aldehyde, epoxit và alkene. Nhiều người trong số này được sản xuất nấm và tảo biển, cũng như trong hành động núi lửa, cháy rừng và bàn chải và đốt thảm thực vật. Ông chỉ ra rằng gần 100. | CHAPTER 6 Organic Chemicals INTRODUCTION Both natural and xenobiotic manmade organic compounds abound in the universe. Many of these compounds are toxic to humans and animals. Gribble 1994 points out that numerous chlorinated compounds are naturally produced. These include organohalogens numerous halogenated alcohols ketones carboxylic acids and amides aldehydes epoxides and alkenes. Many of these are produced by fungi and marine algae as well as during volcanic action forest fires and brush and vegetation burning. He indicates that nearly 100 different chlorinated brominated and iodinated compounds have been found in an edible seaweed favored by Hawaiians. Our environment has been greatly contaminated by toxic organic chemicals primarily as a result of industrial discharges and uses of pesticides. Industrial and manufacturing enterprises produce a myriad of organic chemicals. It has been estimated that more than 5 million distinct organic compounds are registered. Following World War II pesticide and herbicide usage in agriculture increased dramatically and many of the compounds used were very persistent in the environment. Kuhn and Suflita 1989 indicate that in recent years 17 pesticides have been found in groundwater in 23 states. In the 1960s there was increased awareness of the potential harmful effects of many of these organic compounds on humans fish and wildlife. Through soil water or air many of those compounds enter the sewer system and end up in biosolids. Biosolids can contain toxic organic chemicals principally as discharges from industrial sources but also from atmospheric deposition Webber and Lesage 1989 USEPA 1990 Jones and Sewart 1997 . Today many manufacturers and producers of organic compounds pretreat their wastewater prior to discharging into the sewer system. When organic compounds enter the wastewater treatment system they can undergo reductions or transformations prior to being deposits in biosolids that will be applied to land. For example

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