tailieunhanh - Schaum's Outline of Introduction to Psychology_2

Tham khảo sách 'schaum's outline of introduction to psychology_2', y tế - sức khoẻ, y học thường thức phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | CHAP. 9 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 157 EXAMPLE . When given a pencil maze to solve some people employ a backward search heuristic beginning the track by starting at the goal and following the successful path back to the starting point. Although some wrong paths can be entered a solution is not guaranteed the use of backward search increases the probability that a correct solution will be found rapidly. Psychologists also have noted general categories referred to as the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic. In the former solutions are based on how easily an event can be recalled from memory with those more easily recalled being overestimated in regard to how frequently they may occur. In the latter judgment is based on how much a person or event fits a particular category with those fitting better being attributed a greater than deserved likelihood of fulfilling an expectation. EXAMPLE . People often solve problems using the representativeness heuristic by judging an individual in regard to how closely that person matches the characteristics of a given group. For example the decision to hire a teenage potential employee as a Web page creator and moderator may be based on surface characteristics because the employer believes that teenagers with tattoos and body piercings are less reliable than are those who do not have such adornments. It is possible that this way of thinking came from an availability heuristic in that the employer may remember better some instances of teenagers with tattoos and body piercings being in trouble than instances involving clean-cut teenagers. Creativity. An additional consideration for problem solving is creativity the structuring of ideas or responses in original or novel yet productive ways. Psychologists recognize differences in goal-seeking strategies when they distinguish between convergent thinking and divergent thinking. Convergent thinking occurs when a problem is solved by calling forth solutions based on .