tailieunhanh - Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook - Chapter 10 (end)

Lựa chọn và thiết kế các hệ thống và công nghệ xử lý chất thải ở mức độ thấp hỗn hợp (MLLW) đòi hỏi kiến thức và hiểu biết về các chi phí dự kiến, lịch trình, rủi ro, hiệu suất, và độ tin cậy của hệ thống thiết kế tổng. Những yếu tố này đều liên quan. hoặc ví dụ, chi phí là một chức năng của: Â • Lịch. Còn lịch trình cần thiết để điều trị một số lượng chất thải, điều hành và chi phí bảo trì. Â • Độ tin cậy. Độ tin cậy của. | Chapter Ten 2001 by CRC Press LLC 10 Planned Life-Cycle Cost Estimates William E. Schwinkendorf Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Idaho Falls Idaho Introduction Selection and design of systems and technologies for treatment of mixed low-level waste MLLW requires knowledge and understanding of the expected costs schedules risks performance and iabilit of the total engineered system. These factors are all related. For example cost is a function of Schedule. The longer the schedule required to treat a given quantity of waste the greater the operating and maintenance cost. Reliability. The greater the system reliability the lower the maintenance cost the greater the system availability and therefore the shorter the schedule. However increased reliability may increase capital cost for more reliable equipment. A system with low reliability will increase operational and economic risk associated with increased probability of equipment failure increased maintenance and a drawn-out schedule. Risk. Additional costs are required to mitigate environmental safety and health ES H risks associated with handling and treating mixed waste. The design requirements for risk mitigation will depend on the waste content and the technologies used in the treatment process. Performance. A system that performs poorly in terms of meeting treatment goals and regulatory requirements may require post-treatment re-treatment or system modifications all of which will increase cost and schedule. The purpose of this section is to provide the reader with insight into factors involved in determining the cost of a mixed waste treatment system the relative cost of various treatment concepts and the tradeoffs that should be considered when developing an economic system design. This section is based on the results of an integrated process analysis project Feizollahi et al. 1994 Feizollahi and Quapp 1996 Biagi et al. 1997 commissioned by the Department of Energy DOE Office of Science .