tailieunhanh - THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE_2

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique where the electron-beam is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with specimen as it passes through it. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen, which is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a photographic film, or a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor. This technique is capable of imaging at significantly high resolution than the light microscopes, owing to the small de-Broglie wavelength of electrons | 11 TEM Investigations of Wear Mechanisms of Single and Multilayer Coatings Lukasz Major1 Jurgen M. Lackner2 and Jerzy Morgiel1 institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences 2Joanneum Research Forschungsges. m. b. H. Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics 1Poland 2Austria 1. Introduction Wear resistant ceramic coatings deposited by physical vapour deposition PVD techniques like magnetron sputtering ion beam assisted deposition arc evaporation and pulsed laser deposition PLD are successfully used to protect surfaces of mechanical components working under high wear loads for nearly half century. The titanium nitride TiN is of special interest due to its corrosion resistance and high hardness R. F. Bunshah 2001 D. S. Rickerby A. Matthews 1991 . The other promising material for wear resistant applications is amorphous hydrogenated carbon a-C H . The a-C H coatings are characterised by very low friction and biological inertness V. Kumar et al. 2011 . The tribology- related engineering applications for highly- stressed components require the development of new multifunctional thin films materials providing superior mechanical tribological chemical and high- temperature performance. It could be achieved by connecting the properties of different type of materials in multilayer coatings Li Chen et al. 2008 M. Stueber et al. 2009 E. Martinez et al. 2003 J. Smolik et al. 1999 Y. L. Su et al. 1998 N. Duck et al. 2001 M. Nordin et al. 1999 . The multilayer properties could be controlled by appropriate chemical composition microstructure and thickness of individual layers. In many tribological applications coatings with a stack of soft and hard layers can offer much improved mechanical properties compared to single- layered hard coatings L. Major et al. 2010 L. Major J. Morgiel 2009 M. Bromark et al. 1997 A. Leyland A. Matthews 1994 A. Matthews S. S. Eskilden 1994 K. Holmberg et al. 1998 . The multilayered titanium titanium nitride Ti TiN .

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