tailieunhanh - Báo cáo y học: " Innate immunity and monocyte-macrophage activation in atherosclerosis"

Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: Innate immunity and monocyte-macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. | Shalhoub et al. Journal of Inflammation 2011 8 9 http content 8 1 9 JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION REVIEW Open Access Innate immunity and monocyte-macrophage activation in atherosclerosis Joseph Shalhoub1 2 Mika A Falck-Hansen1 Alun H Davies2 and Claudia Monaco1 Abstract Innate inflammation is a hallmark of both experimental and human atherosclerosis. The predominant innate immune cell in the atherosclerotic plaque is the monocyte-macrophage. The behaviour of this cell type within the plaque is heterogeneous and depends on the recruitment of diverse monocyte subsets. Furthermore the plaque microenvironment offers polarisation and activation signals which impact on phenotype. Microenvironmental signals are sensed through pattern recognition receptors including toll-like and NOD-like receptors thus dictating macrophage behaviour and outcome in atherosclerosis. Recently cholesterol crystals and modified lipoproteins have been recognised as able to directly engage these pattern recognition receptors. The convergent role of such pathways in terms of macrophage activation is discussed in this review. Keywords Atherosclerosis Inflammation Innate immunity Toll-like receptors Monocyte subsets Macrophage subtypes Macrophage polarisation Introduction Atherothrombotic vascular disease is quickly becoming the leading cause of mortality worldwide accounting for a fifth of all deaths 1 . The manifestations of the disease are often sudden and dramatic including myocardial infarction and sudden death. Cerebrovascular athero-thrombosis is responsible for ischaemic stroke a major source of disability and dependence and represents a rising health-economic burden 2 . Progress has been made in refining our understanding of the process of inflammation which underlies atherosclerosis since the early descriptions by Rudolf Virchow during the 19th century 3 4 and subsequently Russell Ross in the late 1990s 5-8 . The development of an atherosclerotic plaque begins with