tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance – different approaches through protein engineering

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is the most widely used herbicide in the world: glyphosate-based formulations exhibit broad-spectrum herbi-cidal activity with minimal human and environmental toxicity. | IFEBS Journal REVIEW ARTICLE Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance - different approaches through protein engineering Loredano Pollegioni1 2 Ernst Schonbrunn3 and Daniel Siehl4 1 Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari Universita degli Studi dell Insubria Varese Italy 2 The Protein Factory Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche Politecnico di Milano and Universita degli Studi dell Insubria Varese Italy 3 Drug Discovery Department H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA 4 Pioneer Hi-Bred International Hayward CA USA Keywords glyphosate herbicide resistance herbicide tolerance protein engineering transgenic crops Correspondence L. Pollegioni Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari Universita degli studi dell Insubria via J. H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy Fax 332 421500 Tel 332 421506 E-mail Received 14 April 2011 revised 1 June 2011 accepted 8 June 2011 Glyphosate N-phosphonomethyl-glycine is the most widely used herbicide in the world glyphosate-based formulations exhibit broad-spectrum herbicidal activity with minimal human and environmental toxicity. The extraordinary success of this simple small molecule is mainly attributable to the high specificity of glyphosate for the plant enzyme enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase in the shikimate pathway leading to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Starting in 1996 transgenic glyphosate-resistant plants were introduced thus allowing application of the herbicide to the crop post-emergence to remove emerged weeds without crop damage. This review focuses on mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate as obtained through natural diversity the gene-shuffling approach to molecular evolution and a rational structure-based approach to protein engineering. In addition we offer a rationale for the means by which the modifications made have had their intended effect. doi Introduction