tailieunhanh - Essentials of Process Control phần 2

Tham khảo tài liệu 'essentials of process control phần 2', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | The filial solution is - K Kt ị - I 4-e T - T The ramp response is sketched in Pig. . It is frequently useful to be able to determine the time constant of a first-order system from experimental step response data. This is easy to do. When time is equal to T in Eq. the term I - e l T becomes 1 - e 1 . This means that the output variable has undergone percent of the total change it is going to make. Thus the time constant of a first-order system is simply the time it takes the step response to reach percent of its new final steady-state value. Second-Order Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients The first-order considered in the previous section yields well-behaved exponential responses. Second-order can be much more exciting since they can give an oscillatory or underdamped response. The first-order linear equation could have a time-variable coeffi- cient that is could be a function of time. We consider only linear second-order that have constant coefficients and are constants . d2x _ . __ dt2 x 22 Analytical methods are available for linear with variable coefficients but their solutions are usually messy infinite series and we do not consider them here. The solution of a second-order ODE can be deduced from the solution of a order ODE. Equation can be broken up into two parts x t The variable xc is called the complementary solution. It is the function that satisfies the original ODE with the forcing function Ọ set equal to zero called the homogeneous differential equation dx di 0 The variable is called the solution. It is the function that satisfies the original ODE with a specified One of the most useful properties of linear is that the total solution is the sum of the complementary solution and the particular solution. Now we are ready to extend the preceding ideas to the second-order ODE of . First we obtain the complementary solution by solving the homogeneous 42 PART one Time Domain Dynamics and .

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