tailieunhanh - Modern Grammars of Case anderson phần 2

Tham khảo tài liệu 'modern grammars of case anderson phần 2', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 32 Modern Grammars of Case But his suggestion concerning the status of grammatical relations reverses the traditional conception of the relationship between the relations and the structural properties that signal their presence. The whole burden of the classical tradition concerning case adposition and word order is that the relations cannot be identified with or by their manifestations. Despite the relations allowed for by Chomsky apparently being superfluous in his framework problems with such definitions have been much discussed. Issues include the invocation as already alluded to of two sets of relations deep and surface which involve different kinds of definition Chomsky 1965 ch. 2 n. 32 the questions raised by double-object constructions the intractability of non-configurational languages and other indications that subjecthood may have a more independent role and the possible nonuniversality of these relations. For a detailed contemporary critique see for example Dik 1968 . We return to some of these at various points later. But perhaps most relevant to our present concerns is the observation that the grammar of Chomsky 1965 is inconsistent in its treatment of relations. Included in the illustrative fragment of the base component given in Chomsky 1965 ch. 3 3 are the rules in 18 18 a. Predicate-phrase AuxAVP Place Time b. VP V NP Prep-phrase Prep-phrase Manner c. Prep-phrase Direction Duration Place Frequency etc. The rules provided do not offer an expansion of the Place and Time categories of 18a but presumably one possibility is 19 in the light of the likes of 20 19 Place Time Prep-phrase 20 We shall sell wine in Adelaide in the future By combined application of 18 and 19 Place at least both immediately dominates and is immediately dominated by Prep-phrase as can be seen in 21 21 a. Place by 18a 19 I Prep-phrase b. Prep-phrase by 18b 18c I Place This is one kind of inconsistency one that is damaging enough. But it is clear that yet another more .