tailieunhanh - ELSEVIER'S DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES phần 7

Tham khảo tài liệu 'elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories phần 7', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 393 processes is due to the intervention of the Deity who determines that a specific conscious process shall occur on the occasion of a specific bodily process and vice versa and the theory of preestablished harmony - which refers to the relation between mental and physical events that assumes that they occur independently that is without either affecting the other causally but that they harmonize and constitute parallel event series due to a fundamental or original characteristic of reality this approach was one phase of a more general theory originated by G. W. Leibnitz 16461716 cf. Leibnitz s law of sufficient reason which states that - given sufficient knowledge and time - one might discover why any specific occurrence is such as it is and not otherwise. More recent approaches to the mindbody problem are the double-aspect theory which assumes that conscious experiences and brain processes are fundamentally identical the two groups of phenomena being two manifestations or aspects of a single set of events a synonym for this theory is the identity hy-pothesis theory the theory of parallelism or psychophysicalism which is confused often with the double-aspect theory and states that for every variation in conscious processes or experiences there is a concomitant variation in neural processes this theory makes no assumption of a causal relation between the mind and the body the theory of parallelism was formulated by B. Spinoza 1632-1677 and the psychophysical aspect was added by G. Fechner 1803-1887 the theory of epiphenomenalism which maintains that conscious processes are not in any sense causal agents even with respect to one another but are merely correlated with certain causally effective physiological processes the theory of phenomenalism which holds that human knowledge is limited to phenomena or one s experience and does not reach the real nature of things proponents and precursors to this theory were E. Husserl s 1859-1938 and F. Brentano s 1838-1917 .

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