tailieunhanh - CHAPTER 4: THE CITRIC ACID AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Early metabolic steps, including glycolysis and the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, yield a two-carbon fragment called an acetyl group, which is linked to a large cofactor known as coenzyme A (or CoA). It is during the citric acid cycle that acetyl-CoA is oxidized to the waste product, carbon dioxide, along with the reduction of the cofactors NAD+ and ubiquinone | CHAPTER 4: THE CITRIC ACID AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY Learning objectives To understand the intermediates in CAC The ATPs produce in CAC The CO2 is released in CAC The electrons are transferred in the electron transport chain The oxidative phosphorylation Content Citric acid cycle Introduction Cellular location Catabolism Anabolism & catabolism Sources of acetyl-CoA Fatty acid –aminoacid- monosaccharides Content Reactants & products Cyclical reaction pathway Fate of acetyl CoA carbon regulation: inhibition Energetics Anaerobic Anaplerotic reactions Oxidative phoshorylation Introduction Mitochondrial anatomy Shuttle system Introduction to the transport chain Comlex I- comlex II- comlex III and Cytochrome C- comlex IV Citric Acid Cycle INTRODUCTION The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway that completes the oxidative degradation of fatty acids, amino acids, and monosaccharides. During aerobic . | CHAPTER 4: THE CITRIC ACID AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY Learning objectives To understand the intermediates in CAC The ATPs produce in CAC The CO2 is released in CAC The electrons are transferred in the electron transport chain The oxidative phosphorylation Content Citric acid cycle Introduction Cellular location Catabolism Anabolism & catabolism Sources of acetyl-CoA Fatty acid –aminoacid- monosaccharides Content Reactants & products Cyclical reaction pathway Fate of acetyl CoA carbon regulation: inhibition Energetics Anaerobic Anaplerotic reactions Oxidative phoshorylation Introduction Mitochondrial anatomy Shuttle system Introduction to the transport chain Comlex I- comlex II- comlex III and Cytochrome C- comlex IV Citric Acid Cycle INTRODUCTION The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway that completes the oxidative degradation of fatty acids, amino acids, and monosaccharides. During aerobic catabolism, these biomolecules are broken down to smaller molecules that ultimately contribute to a cell’s energetic or molecular needs. FIG. 01: Citric acid cycle is the central metabolic pathway INTRODUCTION Early metabolic steps, including glycolysis and the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, yield a two-carbon fragment called an acetyl group, which is linked to a large cofactor known as coenzyme A (or CoA). It is during the citric acid cycle that acetyl-CoA is oxidized to the waste product, carbon dioxide, along with the reduction of the cofactors NAD+ and ubiquinone. FIG. 02: Early catabolic pathway FIG. 03: Citric acid cycle is the central metabolic pathway INTRODUCTION The citric acid cycle serves two main purposes: increase the cell’s ATP-producing potential by generating a reduced electron carriers such as NADH and reduced ubiquinone; and provide the cell with a variety of metabolic precursors. FIG. 04: Main purposes of CAC .