tailieunhanh - Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites - Appendix (end)

Lấy mẫu sinh vật và phương pháp khảo sát Các sinh vật của các trang web bị ô nhiễm và tài liệu tham khảo có thể được lấy mẫu để có được mô cung cấp phế liệu hoặc phân tích biomarker (mục ) và có thể được lấy mẫu, khảo sát lập dự toán các hiệu ứng (Mục ). Phương pháp lấy mẫu, khảo sát sinh vật có khả năng áp dụng để phân tích dư lượng tại các địa điểm bị ô nhiễm được thảo luận ngắn gọn dưới đây (Mục để ). Phương pháp để thực hiện khảo. | Appendix Biota Sampling and Survey Methods The biota of contaminated and reference sites may be sampled to obtain tissues for residue or biomarker analysis Section and may be sampled or surveyed for estimation of effects Section . Methods for sampling or surveying biota that are potentially applicable for residue analyses at contaminated sites are briefly discussed below Sections to . Methods for performing habitat surveys as a means of determining what wildlife species should be present are presented in Section . Sampling considerations including selection of tissues to collect appropriate methods of killing collected organisms and health concerns for sampling personnel are presented in Section . FISHES Sampling techniques for fish include electrofishing nets and traps. Selection of the appropriate method depends on the species of interest and the type of aquatic system being sampled. In electrofishing an electric current supplied by a gasoline- or battery-powered generator to a set of probes placed in the water is employed to stun fish which are then captured with a net. The advantages of electrofishing include that it is effective for both juveniles and adults of most species and for sampling structurally complex habitats and it efficiently samples large areas in a relatively limited time while capturing a large percentage of individuals within an area. Numerous studies indicate that under proper conditions electrofishing can be the most effective sampling technique Jacobs and Swink 1982 Wiley and Tsai 1983 Layher and Maughan 1984 . Disadvantages include potential mortality which may be a significant issue if sampling is repeated or if highly valued species are present low efficacy for benthic or deep-water species for very low- or high-conductivity water and for turbid water and potential hazards to users. Additional information on electrofishing can be found in Hartley 1980 and Reynolds 1983 . A wide variety of nets and traps are