tailieunhanh - ENERGY STORAGE IN THE EMERGING ERA OF SMART GRIDS_2

Tham khảo sách 'energy storage in the emerging era of smart grids_2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 12 Nanostructured MnO2 for Electrochemical Capacitor Mao-wen Xu1 and Shu-Juan Bao2 laboratory of New Energy Material Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xinjiang Normal University institute of Applied Chemistry Xinjiang University . China 1. Introduction Energy is always a priority issue for human beings. In the 21st century pollution due to combustion of fossil fuel which has triggered the biggest environmental issue global warming has become a worldwide problem. The renewable and clean energy sources as well as efficient use of energy are highly necessary to make our economy environment society and human species sustainable Simon Gogotsi 2008 Xu et al. 2010 . Energy storage an intermediate step to energy creates a new approach to use energy versatility cleanly and efficiently. Electrochemical capacitors ECs or supercapacitors SCs as a new energy storage conversion device have gained enormous attention owing to their higher power density and longer cycle life compared to secondary batteries and higher energy density than conventional electrical double-layer capacitors EDLC . It is also characterized by environmental friendliness high safety and good efficiency and can be operated in a wide temperature range with a nearly infinitely long cycle life. Therefore supercapacitors have been applied in and are showing potential application in communications transportation consumer electronics aviation and related technologies Siegwart 2001 Burke 2000 Yoda Lshihara 1997 Becker 1957 Yoshino et al. 2004 . Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors ECs can be fully charged or discharged in seconds. Their energy density about 5 Wh kg is lower than in batteries but a much higher power delivery or uptake 10 kW kg can be achieved for shorter times a few seconds Simon Gogotsi 2008 Siegwart 2001 . They have had an important role in complementing or replacing batteries in the energy storage field such as for uninterruptible power supplies and load-levelling. A recent .

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