tailieunhanh - Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'sound patterns of spoken english phần 6', ngoại ngữ, kỹ năng nghe tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Experimental Studies in Casual Speech 75 the turning point are the same there is said to be maximal coarticulation. As the difference becomes greater the coarticulation is said to decrease. Krull 1987 1989 compared CV syllables from Swedish spontaneous speech with corresponding syllables in read speech. Results suggested that there is more coarticulation in spontaneous speech supporting Lindblom s hypothesis. The further suggestion was made that this is because syllables are shorter here than in read speech . there is less time to reach the target hence more coarticulation. However using other measures Hertrich and Ackermann 1995 have found that while perseverative vowel-to-vowel coarticulation is decreased in slow speech anticipatory coarticulation actually increases for 75 per cent of their subjects. We must therefore accept Krull s results with the understanding that they may not tell the whole story. These studies could be described as purely phonetic but there is increasing evidence that at least some coarticulatory effects are part of the language plan rather than a simple result of articulator inertia Whalen 1990 . This lends credence to the idea which also forms part of the H H theory that in every speech act there is a fine balance between the natural tendency of the vocal tract to underarticulate and the need to maintain adequate communication. The idea that variation can exist up to but not including the point where contrast is lost except in cases of neutralization is not new. It can be traced at least to Trubetzkoy 1969 1939 who observes p. 73 for example that in German there is much room for different pronunciations of r since it needs to be distinguished only from l . In Czech however pronunciations are more constrained since r must contrast with both l and the retroflex sibilant ô . Manuel 1987 suggests in a similar vein that languages with small vowel inventories allow greater variation for a given vowel than languages with larger inventories. .