tailieunhanh - BIOLOGICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS - CHAPTER 4

Thực vật Thuốc trừ sâu, Xà phòng, và dầu Thực vật (= thực vật có nguồn gốc từ) thuốc trừ sâu, xà phòng, và các loại dầu bao gồm chỉ là rất nhỏ phần của tổng khối lượng thuốc trừ sâu được sử dụng hàng năm trên cơ sở trên toàn thế giới. Tuy nhiên, họ vẫn còn quan trọng trong quản lý côn trùng gây hại cho ít nhất ba lý do. (1) đôi khi còn cung cấp cả kiểm soát hiệu quả nhất của côn trùng gây hại đã trở thành đề kháng với thuốc trừ sâu khác. (2) Hầu hết là ngắn sống. | CHAPTER 4 Botanical Insecticides Soaps and Oils Richard A. Weinzierl CONTENTS Introduction Botanical Insecticides General Overview Pyrethrum and the Pyrethrins Rotenone Sabadilla Ryania Nicotine Neem Limonene and Linalool Other Essential Oils Diatomaceous Earth Insecticidal Soaps Fatty Acid Salts Insecticidal Oils Summary References INTRODUCTION Botanical plant-derived insecticides soaps and oils comprise only a very small portion of the total volume of insecticides used annually on a worldwide basis. Nonetheless they remain important in insect pest management for at least three reasons. 1 They sometimes provide the most effective control of insect pests that have become resistant to other insecticides. 2 Most are short-lived in the environment and they pose relatively low risks to nontarget organisms including the beneficial predators and parasites that help to regulate pests the higher level predators in food chains and the human consumers of treated crops. 3 They are naturally occurring or derived or manufactured with minimal technology so they are sometimes accepted by organic certification programs and by certain consumer groups they also may be more readily available than synthetic insecticides in some developing countries. Because they do not leave persistent toxic residues botanical insecticides insecticidal soaps and oils may 2000 by CRC Press LLC be more compatible with biological control efforts than many synthetic insecticides but by most definitions botanical insecticides are not biological control agents. This review covers first the most common botanical insecticides then insecticidal soaps salts of fatty acids and finally insecticidal formulations of petroleum and vegetable oils. For each individual insecticidal compound or group the text focuses on the nature and origin of the component chemical s the history of its use its mode of action toxicity and persistence .