tailieunhanh - BIOLOGICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS - CHAPTER 2

2,1 GIỚI THIỆU Các tài liệu đầu tiên của bệnh côn trùng thường là do các mô tả chứng bệnh của ong mật ghi lại bởi Aristotle một nơi nào đó giữa 330 và 323 B . C . Cần lưu ý rằng các quan sát của bệnh tằm đã được ghi nhận ở Trung Quốc như xa như 2700 B . C . (Steinhaus năm 1956 và 1975). Phần lớn của đầu mô tả côn trùng, bệnh lý tập trung trên hai loài côn trùng thuần - ong mật ( Apis mellifera ) Và tằm ( Bombyx mori ). Điều này là dễ hiểu khi bạn xem xét rằng silkmoth là nền tảng của dệt may Viễn Đông ngành. | CHAPTER 2 Microbial Insecticides J. Lindsey Flexner and Diane L. Belnavis CONTENTS Introduction Bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Other Bacteria Pathotype A Pathotype B and Dipteran Active Bacteria Pathotype C and Coleopteran Active Bacteria Viruses Baculoviruses Fungi Nematodes Protozoa The Future of Microbial Pesticides References INTRODUCTION The first documentation of insect diseases is usually attributed to the descriptions of honeybee maladies recorded by Aristotle somewhere between 330 and 323 . It should be noted however that observations of diseased silkworms were recorded in China as far back as 2700 . Steinhaus 1956 and 1975 . The majority of early descriptive insect pathology concentrated on these two domesticated insects the honeybee Apis mellifera and the silkworm Bombyx mori . This is understandable when you consider that the silkmoth was the foundation of the Far Eastern textile industry and the honeybee was the major source of sweetener and the base ingredient for alcoholic beverages during early civilization. The husbandry of these species dates back to the advent of written language and probably beyond. Aristotle also recorded the diseases of other invertebrate life forms including ants oysters scallops and lobsters. He may be considered to be the first invertebrate pathologist. The purpose of this chapter however is not the history and current state of invertebrate diseases . invertebrate pathology . This is far too large a topic to be covered adequately in a single book chapter. The history of invertebrate pathology 2000 by CRC Press LLC has been documented by one of the founders of modern invertebrate pathology Edward A. Steinhaus in his book Disease in a Minor Cord 1975 . For a recent text providing an overview of invertebrate pathology we direct the readers to Tanada and Kaya 1993 and Lacey 1997 . The focus of this chapter is to document how microbial pathogens may be