tailieunhanh - Reproductive Health and Behavior, HIV/AIDS, and Poverty in Africa

Similarly, the overall net attendance ratio at the secondary level, that is, the percentage of the secondary school age population (11-15 years) attending secondary school, also increased from 22 percent to 47 percent during the same ten-year period (Figure ). The results also indicate that the percentage increment in net attendance ratio for primary level as well as secondary level was higher for girls than boys. Despite such progress, more than half (53 percent) of children eligible for secondary level schooling were not attending school. However, children at the primary level fared better as only 13 percent eligible. | SAGA Strategies and Analysis for Growth and Access SAGA Working Paper May 2007 Reproductive Health and Behavior HIV AIDS and Poverty in Africa Peter Glick Cornell University Strategies and Analysis for Growth and Access SAGA is a project of Cornell and Clark Atlanta Universities funded by cooperative agreement HFM-A-00-01-00132-00 with the United States Agency for International Development. ỊIKI USAID FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Reproductive Health and Behavior HIV AIDS and Poverty in Africa Prepared for the African Economic Research Consortium By Peter Glick Cornell University USA pjg4@ May 2007 Abstract This paper examines the complex linkages of poverty reproductive sexual health and behavior and HIV AIDS in Africa. It addresses the following questions 1 what have we learned to date about these links and what are the gaps in knowledge to be addressed by further research 2 what is known about the effectiveness for HIV prevention of reproductive health and HIV AIDS interventions and policies in Africa and 3 what are the appropriate methodological approaches to research on these questions. With regard to what has been learned so far the paper pays considerable attention in particular to the evidence regarding the impacts of a range of HIV interventions on risk behaviors and HIV incidence. Other sections review the extensive microeconomic literature on the impacts of AIDS on households and children in Africa and the effects of the epidemic on sexual risk behavior and fertility decisions. With regard to methodology the paper assesses the approaches used in the literature to deal with among other things the problem of self-selection and nonrandomness in the placement of HIV and reproductive health programs. Data requirements for different research questions are discussed and an effort is made to assess what researchers can learn from existing sources such as Demographic and Health Surveys.

• Sức khỏe phụ nữ
• bioimpedance spectroscopy
• Hilbert transform
• multi frequency BIA
• different non linear
• optimization techniques
• illegal adulterant
• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Validation study
• Reproducibility of results
• ROC curve