tailieunhanh - Understanding differences in health behaviors by education

The condition of America's schools varies widely even within the same community and state, according to a survey of about 10,000 schools. Although two-thirds reported that their facilities were in satisfactory condition, the remaining third-responsible for educating more than 14 million children-reported unsatisfactory physical and environmental conditions. Schools in unsatisfactory condition were found nationwide in every type of community. However, the heavier concentrations were in central cities and among schools serving large populations of poor or minority students. Virtually all communities, even some of the wealthiest, were wondering how to balance school infrastructure . | Journal ofHealth Economics 29 2010 1-28 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Health Economics journal homepage locate econbase Understanding differences in health behaviors by education David M. Cutlera Adriana Lleras-Muneyb a Department of Economics Harvard University and NBER 1875 Cambridge Street Cambridge MA 02138 United States b Department of Economics UCLA and NBER 9373 Bunche Hall Los Angeles CA 90025 United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Received 9 December 2008 Received in revised form 10 July 2009 Accepted 15 October 2009 Available online 31 October 2009 Using a variety of data sets from two countries we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors known as the education gradient. We show that income health insurance and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting risk aversion or the value of future do not account for any of the JEL classification I12 I20 education gradient and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one s life. 2009 Elsevier . All rights reserved. Keywords Education Health 1. Introduction In 1990 a 25-year-old male college graduate could expect to live another 54 years. A high school dropout of the same age could expect to live 8 years fewer Richards and Barry 1998 . This enormous difference in life expectancy by education is true for every demographic group is persistent - if not increasing - over time Kitagawa and Hauser 1973 Elo and Preston 1996 Meara et al. 2008 and is present in other countries Marmot et al. 1984 the . Mustard et al. 1997 Canada Kunst and Mackenbach 1994 northern European countries . 1 A major reason for these differences in health outcomes is differences in health In the United States smoking .

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