tailieunhanh - Cohort reproductive patterns in the Nordic countries

the large, well-organised and informed Somalia diaspora repatriate significant remittances and, to a very considerable extent, Somalis (especially urban communities) subsist on these remittances. remittances have been used to invest in a flourishing private sector in Somalia, including private health care services. However, these investments are not aggregated nor under control of central authorities, are not distributed according to need and so are not strategically focussed, efficient or egalitarian. the status of educational attainment in the country is very low. only 20% of the population is estimated to be literate, with major urban-rural differences (urban 35%, rural 11%) 10 . More recent data11 . | Demographic Research a free expedited online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Doberaner Strasse 114 D-18057 Rostock GERMANY DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 5 ARTICLE 5 PAGES 125-186 PUBLISHED 28 NOVEMBER 2001 Volumes Vol5 5 DOI 5 Cohort reproductive patterns in the Nordic countries Tomas Frejka Gérard Calot 2001 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 126 2 General features of the social and economic environment in the Nordic countries 127 3 Cohort fertility in the Nordic countries 128 4 Public policies and fertility in the Nordic countries 136 5 Achieving desired goals 137 6 Concluding remarks 139 Notes 140 References 141 Appendix 1. Denmark 143 Appendix 2. Finland 153 Appendix 3. Norway 168 Appendix 4. Sweden 178 Demographic Research - Volume 5 Article 5 Cohort reproductive patterns in the Nordic countries Tomas Frejka 1 Gérard Calot 2 Abstract Total fertility rates were declining from peaks experienced by early 1930s cohorts for 20 successive cohorts. The decline ceased among the 1950s and 1960s cohorts because fertility deficits of young women were compensated with increased fertility when women reached their late twenties and thirties. The relative stability of completed fertility of these cohorts is attributed to Nordic social policies. Fertility deficits of young women in 1970s cohorts are comparatively large. For their completed fertility to be similar to that of earlier ones there is considerably more catching up to do. What remains an open issue is whether social policies will be sufficiently effective for couples born in the late 1960s and the 1970s to have births not born earlier in their lives. 1 International Consultant Visiting Scholar at the Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research Germany. Email Tfrejka@ Former Director L .