tailieunhanh - oxford word skills advanced ebook phần 8

Oxford Word Skills là chương trình luyện từ vựng và phát âm mới toanh của Oxford (ra mắt năm 2009). Oxford Word Skills được đón nhận rộng rãi bởi tính phân chia cấp độ khá rõ ràng của nó, cụ thể gồm 3 trình độ từ dễ đến khó: Basic, Intermediate và Advanced, nội dung gần gũi với công việc và cuộc sống thường ngày. | 72 I can use technical English ÍÌ Glossary design and construction Every skyscraper is designed within physical constraints such as climate and geology and then has to comply with the most stringent safety regulations. It also has to meet the needs of its occupants and satisfy the aesthetic objectives of both owner and architect. Design engineers translate the architect s vision into a detailed plan that is structurally sound. As each skyscraper is unique models of the building must undergo rigorous tests in wind tunnels to determine whether they can withstand the effects of high winds. If tests show the building will sway excessively designers may add mechanical devices to counteract or restrict motion In the construction engineers dig a massive hole in the rock and then establish the footings1 which form the base that anchors the building. Steel or reinforced concrete columns are inserted in the footings and concrete is poured on top. Vertical supports are put in place by cranes2 these support the vertical load Horizontal beams and steel girders are then placed at a 90 degree angle to the vertical columns these hold the building together. Exterior walls merely enclose the structure and are constructed by attaching panels3 of material such as glass or metal to the building s framework. This is often done by bolting them to brackets secured to the floors or support columns. constraint comply with sth stringent meet the needs of sb sth occupant rigorous determine sth withstand sth sway counteract sth motion anchor sth reinforced concrete vertical load beam girder angle bolt sth to sth bracket a thing which limits your freedom to do sth physical financial political constraints . SYN restriction constrain V. obey a rule order law. etc. compliance N. of a law rule etc. very strict. satisfy the needs of sb sth. a person who lives or works in a particular room or building residents live or stay in a building but don t work in a building . done carefully and with great .