tailieunhanh - Smog - A REPORT TO THE PEOPLE Episode 7

Tham khảo tài liệu 'smog - a report to the people episode 7', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | The first step in constructing a surrogate is to factor total emissions into two components the average emission rate measured in grams per mile and the number of miles driven. The most appropriate way to measure average emissions is the mandatory annual or semi-annual inspection of each automobile to discover the grams per mile which it emits imúeĩ average driving conditions. Of course emission rates as measured at an annual test are only a surrogate for actual emission rates in real driving conditions. But as long as the driver is unable to make decisions which change the relation between estimated emissions and actual emissions as for example by spending more time sitting in traffic jams the surrogate will be a good one. Some emissions tax proposals use an estimate of average emissions in conjunction with an estimate of average mileage to compute the total mass emissions which are to be taxed. There are two ways of collecting such a tax one is to impose the tax as an excise or sales tax and the other is to bill the motorist periodically. In either case the tax is unrelated to the mileage driven by any particular motorist since it is computed on the basis of Basinwide average annual mileage. One such proposal has the tax based on estimated emissions and estimated miles driven throughout the life of the The tax is collected at the time of original sale of a new car. Since one important reason why new car emissions standards provide only a slow reduction in air pollution in the South Coast Air Basin is the slow rate at which old cars die off and new cars are purchased this proposal by itself is unworkable. It would raise the price of new cars relative to old cars and thus be detrimental to air quality by reducing the demand for new cars. We could however construct a tax based on estimated emissions and average mileage until next resale and impose the tax every time a car is sold. Such a tax would not vary with the actual miles driven and thus gives no .