tailieunhanh - Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles

CO measurement options include bag collection and lab analysis, colour-change diffusion tubes and electro-chemical monitors. PM measurement options include gravimetric monitors (pump and filter method) and light-scattering devices. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed, including cost, ease-of-use, accuracy, size detection and time-keeping. The choice of method depends on the context, . the purpose of the project or programme, the capacity of staff and available financial and human resources. All methods require data management and quality control. The presentation concludes with a description of the specific instruments included in the IAP monitoring kit compiled by CEIHD and the Shell Foundation: the UCB particle monitor, the HOBO CO logger and. | Original Article Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles Michael Jerrett Richard T. Burnett Renjun Ma C. Arden Pope III Daniel Krewski K. Bruce Newbold George Thurston Yuanli Shi Norm Finkelstein Eugenia E. Calle and Michael J. Thun Background The assessment of air pollution exposure using only community average concentrations may lead to measurement error that lowers estimates of the health burden attributable to poor air quality. To test this hypothesis we modeled the association between air pollution and mortality using small-area exposure measures in Los Angeles California. Methods Data on 22 905 subjects were extracted from the American Cancer Society cohort for the period 1982-2000 5 856 deaths . Pollution exposures were interpolated from 23 fine particle PM2 5 and 42 ozone O3 fixed-site monitors. Proximity to expressways was tested as a measure of traffic pollution. We assessed associations in standard and spatial multilevel Cox regression models. Results After controlling for 44 individual covariates all-cause mortality had a relative risk RR of 95 confidence interval for an increase of 10 g m3 PM25 and a RR of with maximal control for both individual and contextual confounders. The RRs for mortality resulting from ischemic heart disease and lung cancer deaths were elevated in the range of depending on the model used. These PM results were robust to adjustments for O3 and expressway exposure. Submitted 26 August 2004 accepted 23 May 2005. From the University of Southern California Los Angeles California Health Canada Ottawa Canada the University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Brigham Young University Salt Lake City Utah the University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada New York University New York NY and the American Cancer Society Atlanta Georgia. Supported by the Health Effects institute the National institute of Environmental Health .