tailieunhanh - Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships

People are at the centre of any evaluation study that is designed to ensure that the intervention has served beneficiaries well. Moreover, evaluation always involves interaction with people - whether in terms of placing an indoor air pollution monitor in their home, testing the performance of their stove or asking them about their health, time use or expenditure. The presentation "Working with people" discusses ethical considerations in relation to an evaluation study. It illustrates important issues in collaborative research that avoids treating participants as mere research subjects, such as choice of participants and evaluators and selection of an appropriate location for and timing of interviews or focus group discussions. Adapting and pilot-testing questionnaires. | Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy December 23 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 RL34548 CRS Report for Congress------------- Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships Summary This report provides information regarding pollution from ships and port facilities discusses some of the measures being implemented and considered by local state and federal regulatory agencies discusses the efforts to strengthen Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL and describes legislation in Congress to control emissions from ships as well as efforts in Congress to address the applicability of proposed EPA regulations to ships on the Great Lakes. As pollution from cars trucks and land-based stationary sources has been more tightly controlled over the last 40 years the contribution of ships and port operations to air pollution in port cities has become more important. In the same period foreign trade has grown dramatically thus pollution from shipping and port operations is growing as a percentage of total emissions. In many cities ships are now among the largest sources of air pollution. As Congress and the Administration turn their attention to climate change there is also a growing recognition that marine vessels are an important source of greenhouse gas GHG emissions. Controlling these sources of both conventional and greenhouse gas pollutants is complicated by the fact that most ocean-going ships are not registered in the United States and may not even purchase the fuel they are using here. Thus controlling such pollution would seem to lend itself to an international approach. Such efforts have been slow to yield results in 1997 the United States and most countries signed an international agreement known as MARPOL Annex VI setting extremely modest controls on air pollution from .

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