tailieunhanh - Indoor Air Pollution by Nigel Bruce, Eva Rehfuess, Sumi Mehta, Guy Hutton, and Kirk Smith

We exclude El Paso from this portion of the analysis because Mexicans are the principal victims of air pollution from the sources in our sample, and because differences in Mexican and . census data greatly complicate the analysis. Figure 2 presents the spatial distribution of poverty in Ciudad Juárez, measured as the percentage of the labor force in each AGEB earning less than two times the minimum wage. It shows that the poorer sections of Ciudad Juárez are mostly in the southern and western parts of the city. Figures 3 and 4 map concentrations of PM10 attributable. | Chapter 42 Indoor Air Pollution Nigel Bruce Eva Rehfuess Sumi Mehta Guy Hutton and Kirk Smith Access to modern energy sources has been described as a necessary although not sufficient requirement for economic and social development IEA 2002 . It is therefore of great concern that almost half the world s population still relies for its everyday household energy needs on inefficient and highly polluting solid fuels mostly biomass wood animal dung and crop wastes and coal. The majority of households using solid fuels burn them in open fires or simple stoves that release most of the smoke into the home. The resulting indoor air pollution IAP is a major threat to health particularly for women and young children who may spend many hours close to the fire. Furthermore the reliance on solid fuels and inefficient stoves has other far-reaching consequences for health the environment and economic development. NATURE CAUSES AND BURDEN OF CONDITION About 3 billion people still rely on solid fuels billion on biomass and the rest on coal mostly in China IEA 2002 Smith Mehta and Feuz 2004 . There is marked regional variation in solid fuel use from less than 20 percent in Europe and Central Asia to 80 percent and more in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This issue is inextricably linked to poverty. It is the poor who have to make do with solid fuels and inefficient stoves and many are trapped in this situation the health and economic consequences contribute to keeping them in poverty and their poverty stands as a barrier to change. Where socioeconomic circumstances improve households generally move up the energy ladder carrying out more activities with fuels and appliances that are increasingly efficient clean convenient and more expensive. The pace of progress however is extremely slow and for the poorest people in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia there is little prospect of change. Illustrated in figures and are findings for Malawi and Peru respectively from .