tailieunhanh - Optimal Air Pollution Control Strategies

The major sources of indoor air pollution worldwide include indoor combustion of solid fuels, tobacco smoking, outdoor air pollutants, emissions from construction materials and furnishings, and improper maintenance of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Although some indoor air pollutants, such as environmental tobacco smoke, are of concern globally, profiles of indoor air pollutants and the resulting health risks are generally very different in developed and developing countries. In developing countries, the most significant issue for indoor air quality is pollutants released during the combustion of solid fuels—including biomass (wood, dung and crop residues) and coal (mainly in China)—that are used. | 9 Optimal Air Pollution Control Strategies In general the goal of air pollution abatement is the meeting of a set of air quality standards see Table . Air pollution abatement programs can be divided into two categories 1. Long-term control 2. Short-term control episode control Long-term control strategies involve a legislated set of measures to be adopted over a multiyear period. Short-term or episode control involves shutdown and slowdown procedures that are adopted over periods of several hours to several days under impending adverse meteorological conditions. An example of a short-term strategy is the emergency procedures for fuel substitution by coal-burning power plants in Chicago when so2 concentrations reach certain levels Croke and Booras 1969 . Figure illustrates the elements of a comprehensive regional air pollution control strategy consisting of both long- and short-term measures. Under each of the two types of measures are listed some of the requirements for setting up the control strategy. The air quality objectives of long- and short-term strategies may be quite different. For long-term control a typical objective might be to reduce to a specified value the expected number of days per year that the maximum hourly average concentration of a certain pollutant exceeds a given value. On the other hand a goal of short-term control is ordinarily to keep the maximum concentration of a certain pollutant below a given value on that particular day. The alternatives for abatement policies depend on whether long- or short-term 521 522 Optimal Air Pollution Control Strategies Chap. 9 Requirements for long-term planning Air quality objective Airshed model dynamic or static depending on objective Survey of control techniques and their costs Meteorological probabilities Requirements for real-time control Air quality objective Dynamic model Rapid communications Strict enforcement of measures Figure Elements of a comprehensive air pollution control strategy

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