tailieunhanh - THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE DUE TO OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

In order to provide comparable estimates of exposure to outdoor air pollution for all 14 WHO regions, models developed by the World Bank were used to estimate concentrations of inhalable particles (PM10) (Pandey et al., 2004). Specifically, economic, meteorologic, and demographic data and available PM measurements in 304 cities were used to estimate PM10 levels in all 3211 cities worldwide with populations greater than 100,000 and capital cities. The estimated distribution of the world’s urban population and that of the urban population of each of the 14 regions are shown in Figure 1. To allow the most appropriate epidemiologic studies to be used for burden estimation, the PM10 estimates. | Page 1 Friday May 20 2005 9 31 PM Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 68 1-7 2005 Copyright Taylor Francis Inc. ISSN 1528-7394 print 1087-2620 online DOI 15287390590936166 THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE DUE TO OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION Aaron J. Cohen 1 H. Ross Anderson 2 Bart Ostra Kiran Dev Pandey Michal Krzyzanowski Nino Kunzli Kersten Gutschmidt Arden Pope Isabelle Romieu Jonathan M. Samet Kirk Smith 1Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts USA 2Community Health Sciences St. George s Hospital Medical School University of London United Kingdom California Environmental Protection Agency Oakland CA USA Global Environment Facility Washington DC USA WHO European Center for Environment and Health Bonn Germany Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA WHO International Programme for Protection of the Human Environment Geneva Switzerland Brigham Young University Provo UT USA Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica Cuenavaca Mexico Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA University of California Berkeley School of Public Health Berkeley CA USA As part of the World Health Organization WHO Global Burden of Disease Comparative Risk Assessment the burden of disease attributable to urban ambient air pollution was estimated in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years DALYs . Air pollution is associated with a broad spectrum of acute and chronic health effects the nature of which may vary with the pollutant constituents. Particulate air pollution is consistently and independently related to the most serious effects including lung cancer and other cardiopulmonary mortality. The analyses on which this report is based estimate that ambient air pollution in terms of fine particulate air pollution PM2 5 causes about 3 of mortality from cardiopulmonary disease about 5 of mortality from cancer of the trachea bronchus and lung and about 1 of mortality from acute respiratory .