tailieunhanh - Urban Air Pollution and Climate Change as Environmental Risk Factors of Respiratory Allergy: An Update

All these new layers, devices and traffic require management and protection just as they would if they were physical machines and networks. But what do auditors need to know in order to successfully locate and ensure secure processes around sensitive data traversing this new vir- tual environment? Unfortunately, at this early stage of adoption, there is little guidance within the regulatory frameworks on how to address new audit issues presented with virtualization. The purpose of this paper is to help IT managers and auditors. | REVIEWS Urban Air Pollution and Climate Change as Environmental Risk Factors of Respiratory Allergy An Update G D Amato 1 L Cecchi 2-3 M D Amato 4 G Liccardi1 1Division of Pneumology and Allergology Department of Respiratory Diseases High Specialty Hospital A. Cardarelli Naples Italy interdepartmental Centre of Bioclimatology University of Florence Florence Italy 3Allergy Clinic Azienda Sanitaria 10 Florence Italy 4Division of PheumoTisiology Department of Respiratory Diseases High Specialty Hospital V. Monaldi Naples Italy Abstract The incidence of allergic respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma appears to be increasing worldwide and people living in urban areas more frequently experience these conditions than those living in rural areas. One of the several causes of the rise in morbidity associated with allergic respiratory diseases is the increased presence of outdoor air pollutants resulting from more intense energy consumption and exhaust emissions from cars and other vehicles. Urban air pollution is now a serious public health hazard. Laboratory studies confirm epidemiologic evidence that air pollution adversely affects lung function in asthmatics. Damage to airway mucous membranes and impaired mucociliary clearance caused by air pollution may facilitate access of inhaled allergens to the cells of the immune system thus promoting sensitization of the airway. Consequently a more severe immunoglobulin Ig E-mediated response to aeroallergens and airway inflammation could account for increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in polluted urban areas. The mostabundant components of urban air pollution in urban areas with high levels of vehicle traffic are airborne particulate matter nitrogen dioxide and ozone. In addition the earth s temperature is increasing mainly as a result of anthropogenic factors eg fossil fuel combustion and greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply transport industry and agriculture and climate change alters the .