tailieunhanh - EARTH AS AN EVOLVING PLANETARY SYSTEM Part 7

Mặt Trăng, vệ tinh tự nhiên duy nhất của Trái Đất, đồng thời cũng là nguyên nhân chính của hiện tượng thủy triều đại dương, bắt đầu quay quanh Trái Đất từ 4,53 tỷ năm trước, vẫn giữ nguyên góc quay ban đầu theo thời gian nhưng đang chuyển động chậm dần lại. | 268 Crustal and Mantle Evolution concentrated in the core and lower mantle in a heterogeneously accreted Earth are today concentrated in the crust. This necessitates magmatic transfer from within the Earth thus producing a crust of magmatic origin. Also as described in Chapter 10 heterogeneous accretion of the Earth faces other geochemical problems. Several models have been proposed for crustal origin either directly or indirectly involving the impact of accreting objects. All call upon surface impacting that leads to melting in the mantle producing either mafic or felsic magmas that rise to form a crust. Large impacts may have produced mare-like craters on the terrestrial surface that were filled with impact-produced magmas Grieve 1980 . If the magmas or their differentiation products were felsic continental nuclei may have formed and continued to grow by magmatic additions from within the Earth. Alternatively if the impact craters were flooded with basalt they may have become oceanic crust. Although initially attractive impact models face many difficulties in explaining crustal origin. For instance most or all of the basalts that flood lunar mares formed were later than the impacts and were not related directly to impacting. Also only relatively small amounts of magma were erupted into lunar mare craters. Perhaps the most significant problem with the lunar mare analogy is that mare basins formed in still older anorthositic crust. Models that call upon processes operating within the Earth have been the most popular in explaining the origin of the Earth s early crust. Textures and geochemical relationships indicate that the early anorthositic crust on the Moon is a product of magmatic processes favoring a similar origin for the Earth s earliest crust. It is likely that enough heat was retained in the Earth after or during the late stages of planetary accretion that the upper mantle was partially or entirely melted. Complete melting of the upper mantle would result

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