tailieunhanh - Energy A Beginner’s Guide Part 8

Năng lượng tối Cũng là dạng vật chất tối tiến đến 0 = Vật chất Mịn, lấp đầy toàn bộ không gian mêtric (không gian Vũ trụ )và phần khe hở Năng lượng Hạt = vật chất Hạt. | per capita supply 1980 100 per capita supply 1980 100 Figure 25 China s dietary transition 1980-2000 1985 1985 1990 1995 2000 1990 1995 2000 energy a beginner s guide energy in everyday life from eating to emailing 1131 The best available evidence from a variety of food consumption surveys shows that in affluent countries about 2 000 kcal are actually eaten per day per caput with the average as low as 1 700 kcal day for adult females and about 2 500 kcal day for adult men. If these figures are correct this means these countries waste 1 000-1 600 kcal per caput or as much as forty to fifty per cent of their available supply of food energy every day. But the reported intakes may underestimate real consumption the extraordinarily high and rising obesity rates particularly in North America where about a third of people are obese and another third overweight can be explained only by a continual imbalance between energy need and energy supply insufficient physical activity is of course also a major contributor . The second key feature of dietary transitions is a major shift in both relative and absolute contributions of basic macronutrients. DIETARY TRANSITIONS The most far-reaching dietary change has been the universal retreat of carbohydrate staples such as cereal grains including rice wheat corn and millet and tubers including white and sweet potatoes and cassava . In affluent countries they now supply just 20-30 of the average per caput energy intake a third or half the traditional level. In Europe this trend is shown by the declining consumption of bread the continent s ancient staple for example in France daily per caput intake fell from 600 g a day in 1880 to just 160 g a day by the late 1990s a seventy-five per cent drop. In Asia rice consumption in Japan more than halved in the two post-World War II generations to less than 60 kg annually per caput by 2000 making it an optional food item rather than a staple. A similarly rapid decline of rice intake has occurred

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