tailieunhanh - HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGY - PART 6

Cuối cùng, có bằng chứng rằng trầm cảm có thể được cả hai yếu tố nguy cơ cho chứng mất ngủ và hậu quả tiềm năng của chứng mất ngủ mãn tính. Vollrath et al. (1989) phát hiện ra rằng 46% của các đối tượng bị mất ngủ mãn tính hoặc định kỳ báo cáo trải qua trầm cảm và lo âu trong năm trước khi phỏng vấn. | Insomnia Scope of the Problem 323 persistence of sleep disturbances may prevent or delay recovery from depression Kennedy Kelman Thomas 1991 . Finally there is evidence that depression can be both a risk factor for insomnia and a potential consequence of chronic insomnia. Vollrath et al. 1989 found that 46 of subjects suffering from periodic or chronic insomnia reported experiencing depression and anxiety in the year prior to interview. Conversely two other studies have shown that chronic insomnia increases the risk of developing major depression Breslau et al. 1996 Ford Kamerow 1989 . Sleep and Health There is extensive evidence showing that sleep and health are related. On the one hand health problems can be a risk factor for insomnia while on the other hand poor sleep may have a negative impact on immune function and on recovery from physical illness. Individuals with insomnia report a higher frequency of health problems medical consultations and hospitalizations relative to good sleepers Gislason Almqvist 1987 Kales et al. 1984 Mellinger et al. 1985 Simon VonKorff 1997 . Physical complaints most frequently reported by individuals with insomnia include gastrointestinal problems respiratory problems as well as headaches and nonspeci c aches and pain Kales et al. 1984 Vollrath et al. 1989 . Chronic conditions such as cardiopulmonary disease painful musculoskeletal diseases and back problems have also been observed more frequently in patients with insomnia than in good sleepers Gislason Almqvist 1987 Katz McHorney 1998 . Surveys of patients with various medical conditions have also yielded very high rates of insomnia complaints. For example patients with neurological . Parkinson s disease multiple sclerosis Alzheimer s disease gastrointestinal renal and cardiopulmonary diseases . asthma all seem at higher risk for secondary sleep disorders including insomnia Pressman Gollomp Benz Peterson 1997 Walsleben 1997 . Research conducted with an elderly sample has .

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