tailieunhanh - Advanced Engineering Mathematics 2011 Part 11

Tham khảo tài liệu 'advanced engineering mathematics 2011 part 11', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 8 The Heat Equation In this chapter we deal with the linear parabolic differential equation du d2u X dt dx2 in the two independent variables X and t. This equation known as the one-dimensional heat equation serves as the prototype for a wider class of parabolic equations ỡ2u 02u aỊxẠ - 0 a z nZm c iE idi - f dx2 dxdt dt2 du du x t u - dx dt where b2 4ac. It arises in the study of heat conduction in solids as well as in a variety of diffusive phenomena. The heat equation is similar to the wave equation in that it is also an equation of evolution. However the heat equation is not conservative because if we reverse the sign of t we obtain a different solution. This reflects the presence of entropy which must always increase during heat conduction. 390 Advanced Engineering Mathematics Figure Heat conduction in a thin bar. DERIVATION OF THE HEAT EQUATION To derive the heat equation consider a heat-conducting homogeneous rod extending from X 0 to X L along the x-axis see Figure . The rod has uniform cross section A and constant density p is insulated laterally so that heat flows only in the -direction and is sufficiently thin so that the temperature at all points on a cross section is constant. Let u x t denote the temperature of the cross section at the point X at any instant of time t and let c denote the specific heat of the rod the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the rod by a degree . In the segment of the rod between the cross section at X and the cross section at X Ax the amount of heat is Q t I cpAu s t ds. On the other hand the rate at which heat flows into the segment across the cross section at X is proportional to the cross section and the gradient of the temperature at the cross section Fourier s law of heat conduction where K denotes the thermal conductivity of the rod. The sign in indicates that heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature. Similarly the rate .

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