tailieunhanh - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - ECOLOGY OF PRIMARY TERRESTRIAL CONSUMERS

Sinh thái học của người tiêu dùng tiểu học trên mặt đất Khái niệm cơ bản Có nhiều cách tiếp cận để nghiên cứu và đánh giá cao của thế giới tự nhiên. Sinh thái học nhìn nó với sự quan tâm của ông tập trung vào các mối quan hệ giữa các sinh vật sống và môi trường xung quanh. Đối với mục đích của phân tích định lượng, ông tìm thấy nó hữu ích để nghĩ về tự nhiên như tổ chức thành hệ thống sinh thái (các hệ sinh thái), trong đó các đơn vị sống tương tác. | ECOLOGY OF PRIMARY TERRESTRIAL CONSUMERS BASIC CONCEPTS There are many approaches to the study and appreciation of the natural world. The ecologist looks at it with his interest focused on the relations between living things and their surroundings. For purposes of quantitative analysis he finds it useful to think of nature as organized into ecological systems ecosystems in which the living units interact with their environments to bring about the flow of energy and the cycling of matter wherever life is found. In this conceptual framework organisms can profitably be considered according to their major roles in the handling of matter and energy. Thus living things have ecologically classified Thienemann 1926 as producers if they are autotrophic . able to manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances with energy obtained from sunlight photosynthetic green plants or from the chemical oxidation of the inorganic compounds chemosynthetic bacteria or as consumer if they are heterotrophic . required to depend on already synthesized organic matter as the source of food energy. A special and very important group of consumers are the decomposers which break up the complex organic substances of dead matter incorporating some of the decomposition products in their own protoplasm and making available simple inorganic nutrients to the producers. Decomposers consist chiefly of fungi and bacteria which absorb their food through cell membranes and thus differ significantly from the larger consumers which ingest plant and animal tissue into an alimentary tract. There are however many different modes of nutrition and it has recently been suggested Wiegert and Owen 1970 that energy flow and the cycling of matter may be better understood if heterotrophic consumer organisms are classified on the basis of their energy resources rather than in terms of their feeding habits. Thus we may recognize two major groups of consumers biophages if they obtain their energy from .