tailieunhanh - Energy Efficiency Part 5

Tham khảo tài liệu 'energy efficiency part 5', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Categorizing Barriers to Energy Efficiency An Interdisciplinary Perspective 53 since there is nothing in it for him or her. This is a restriction to adopting energy-efficient technologies in particular those with higher initial costs but lower life cycle costs than conventional technologies Hirst and Brown 1990 . The lack of sub-metering within multidivisional organizations may also be classified as a split incentive. Economic barriers non-market failures Apart from market failure barriers there are a number of barriers that explain the gap but which cannot be categorized as market failures but are rather non-market failure barriers or market barriers. A market barrier according to Jaffe and Stavins 1994 may be defined as any factor that may account for the gap while Brown 2001 defines market barriers as obstacles that are not based on market failures but which nonetheless contribute to the slow diffusion and adoption of energy-efficient measures. Barriers that may be categorized as market barriers are for example hidden costs limited access to capital risk and heterogeneity. These barriers are presented below. Hidden costs Hidden costs are often used as an explanatory variable for the gap DeCanio 1998 . In short the argument is that there are high costs associated with information-seeking meeting with sellers writing contracts and other such activities if these costs are higher than the actual profit from implementation they inhibit investment. Accordingly cost-effective measures are not cost-effective when such costs associated with the investment are included. A study by Hein and Blok 1994 found that hidden costs in large energy-intensive industrial firms ranged from three to eight percent of total investment costs. In smaller nonenergy-intensive firms such costs are thus likely to be even higher. Hidden costs are a frequently used argument against the existence of an energy efficiency gap it is argued that engineering-economic models are not able to .

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