tailieunhanh - An Encyclopaedia of Language_08

Tham khảo tài liệu 'an encyclopaedia of language_08', ngoại ngữ, nhật - pháp - hoa- others phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LANGUAGE 393 primary correspondence is ch ự as in chip the secondary correspondence is ch k as in school and there is a tertiary correspondence ch J as in machine. The behaviour of letters can be charted for example c also appears as a trailing letter in the symbol sc as in scene the structures of symbols can be charted their ranges of values can be charted and the correspondences can not only be charted but named. For instance the graphophonemic analysis of success a stumbling-block for some spellers is s u c c e ss. We have two values for c here both rule-governed the first c is followed by a consonant letter viz. the second c and has the value k the second c is followed by e and has the value s . The rule is that c has the value k except before the vowels e i or y. More strictly we should say that the symbol c is subject to this rule. Teachers use the expression Hard C and Soft C appropriately enough with reference to this phenomenon. What is not usually realised is that these are not names of letters nor names of sounds phonemes but names of correspondences. Naming can be extended to all correspondences and like everything else once named they become easier to talk about easier to conceptualise. For a theoretical approach see Haas 1970 . Literacy in English even literacy coupled with good spelling does not imply ability to segment words into symbols graphophonemic segmentation or analysis . Analysis of school into s ch oo l is far from automatic amongst those who can spell the word to say nothing of the many who cannot. The trick in it is the symbol ch with the secondary correspondence ch k or Hard CH. Trouble with the spelling of psychology sometimes a stumbling-block at tertiary level can be alleviated if the Hard CH correspondence has been learnt beforehand in its concealed position in school and in prominent position in chemistry. Misspellings of psychology include psychycology. Note that in the correspondence ps s the leading letter has