tailieunhanh - An Encyclopaedia of Language_03

Tham khảo tài liệu 'an encyclopaedia of language_03', ngoại ngữ, nhật - pháp - hoa- others phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LANGUAGE 109 richness complexity and multiplicity of pragmatic and discourse meaning which conversational analysis allows whilst retaining the predictive and explanatory power of pragmatics. 7. REASSESSING GRICE S CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE Attempts at applying pragmatic theory to stretches of naturally-occurring discourse have led to a general reassessment of Grice s account of conversation and of the status of the maxims in particular. Many commentators have noted that Grice s maxims of Quality Quantity Relation and Manner frequently overlap and are certainly not all of the same order. Assessments of truth or falsity the maxim of quality for example can only be made in relation to the real world whereas the maxim of Manner is textual judgements regarding its observance or non-observance are made on the basis of linguistic criteria . It relates in Grice s terms . .not to what is said but rather to how what is said is to be said. Observance of the maxim of Quality is a yes no proposition whereas the observance of the maxims of Manner and Quantity is usually a matter of degree. How well-ordered is orderly How prolix is prolixity How much information is enough information The ways in which a speaker can observe or fail to observe the CP infringing flouting violating opting out etc. see section above vary greatly from maxim to maxim. The maxim of Manner in particular is frequently infringed unintentionally and unlike the maxims of Quality and Quantity it is difficult to violate it unobtrusively speakers cannot disguise for example the fact that they are being muddled or repetitious although an obscure or ambiguous expression may be used in order to mislead . Opting out of the CP presents a particularly interesting case. When speakers explicitly opt out of observing a maxim they provide privileged access to the way in which speakers do as a rule attend to the maxims. This in turn offers prima-facie evidence for Grice s contention that there exists .