tailieunhanh - The Intensive Care Manual - part 7

Bệnh nhân có thể tự quy định các corticosteroid rằng họ đã ở nhà từ một căn bệnh cũ, làm cho nó khó có thể dễ dàng xác định những người cần thay thế corticosteroid. Cũng như trong suy thượng thận chính, | 10 Endocrine Disease 237 Secondary Adrenal Failure Obtaining a thorough history is essential to avoiding secondary adrenal failure. Patients may self-prescribe corticosteroids that they have at home from an old illness making it hard to easily determine who needs corticosteroid replacement. As in primary adrenal failure a high index of suspicion is necessary for any patient with unexplained hypotension. It may be difficult to differentiate primary from secondary adrenal failure. Patients can actually have primary adrenal failure without hyperpigmentation. Hyponatremia can be manifested with both primary and secondary adrenal failure since it is not only a mineralocorticoid effect but also cortisol deficiency that leads to hyponatremia. Co-secretion of ADH with CRH from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus occurs with cortisol deficiency because both hormones are under negative feedback control. In addition the effective circulating volume depletion characteristic of adrenal failure potentiates ADH release through baroreceptor-mediated pathways. Other signs of cortisol deficiency are the same as in primary adrenal failure. Corticosteroid Replacement During critical illness and surgery corticosteroids are given to prevent and to treat adrenal failure. After surgery the cortisol levels rise rapidly but usually return to baseline within 48 hours. If the patient is not presently taking corticosteroids but has taken them recently time to recovery of the HPA axis is unpredictable. If the patient is currently taking corticosteroids for an inflammatory disease they may need just their usual dose or may need supplementation with higher doses for several days. Patients taking corticosteroids for primary adrenal failure need the higher doses for several days postoperatively or during a critical illness. Hydrocortisone 100 to 150 mg day in divided doses or as a continuous infusion is an appropriate high dose of a corticosteroid for stress. LIVER AND PANCREAS Glucose

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